Introduction
Passive treatment systems, including anoxic limestone drains (ALD) and constructed wetlands, are effective, enduring approaches for mitigating water quality issues, particularly in areas impacted by acid mine drainage and other sources of contamination. These natural treatment methodologies leverage biological and chemical processes to neutralize acidity, remove heavy metals, and promote ecological restoration without the need for intensive energy or resource inputs. This article explores the mechanisms, applications, and benefits of anoxic limestone systems and wetlands, highlighting their role in enhancing water quality and supporting environmental resilience. Through a detailed examination of their design principles, operational efficiencies, and case studies, we aim to underscore the significance of passive treatment systems in managing water pollutants and fostering healthy aquatic ecosystems.
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